The Life Of Steve Jobs

Explore The Universe

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HOW BIG OUR UNIVERSE IS

HOW BIG OUR UNIVERSE IS?

1.             The Earth is 30 trillion times greater than human.
2.           The Sun is 1 million times greater than The Earth.
3.            The Etacarinae is 5 million times greater than The Sun.
4.           Betel Guese is 30 million times greater than The Sun.
5.           VY canis Majoris is 1 billion times greater than The Sun.
6.           The name of the Galaxy in which we live is “MILKY WAY”.
7.            In MILKY WAY, there are 300 billion stars like The Sun.
8.           If we travel at the speed of light then we required 100 thousand years to cross The MILKY WAY.
9.           MILKY WAY Galaxy is in VIRGO Cluster.
10.           In VIRGO Cluster there are 4700 Galaxies.
11.           VIRGO Cluster is in LOCAL Super Cluster.
12.             In LOCAL Super Cluster there are 100 Clusters.And
13.       In our UNIVERSE there are 1 Billion Super Clusters and these super clusters are look like small dots in the net i.e. our UNIVERSE.
     
    
     
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

SEVEN Styles Of Learning

11 Oldest Computer Still In Use

The Life of Facebook Founder

Scientific Inventions/Theories That change the World

Nicola Tesla 1850: "Tesla Coil" electrical resonant transformer 
Micheal Faraday 1791: "electrolysis" direct electric current (DC current) 
James Maxwell 1831: Magnetic field 
Marie Curie 1807: radio activity 
Issac Newton 1642: Astronomy 
Albert Einstein 1879: space/time theory 
James Watson & Francis Crick 1928/1916: DNA 
Neils Bohr 1885: Atomic model 
Charles Darwin 1809: Evolution

THE SEVEN STATES OF MATTER

States OF Matter:

At the beginning of their first chemistry class, students are taught that there are three 'states' of matter; solid, liquid and gas. From that point on, additional 'states' of matter are introduced at regular intervals.

There are several different types of states of matter.

1.      Solid

2.      Liquid

3.      Gas

4.      Plasma

5.      Beam

6.      Thought Wave

7.      Bose-Einstein Condensate

Solid

Solid is a state of matter that has a fixed shape and fixed volume. A solid is made up of tiny particles of matter such as atoms and molecules that are held together by chemical bonds. The atoms and molecules are held rigidly in place that does not allow the solid to change shape or volume. Hence, a solid cannot fill out the shape of a container like a liquid or fill the every space of a container like a gas.

The atoms and molecules in a solid are tightly bound to each other in either a regular geometric lattice or irregularly. The regular geometric lattice is most common and can be found in most solids, including ice. Solids with irregularly bound atoms are known as amorphous solids. This includes glass and polystyrene.

When some solids are heated, the energy from the heat is absorbed by the atoms. The atoms then get excited and start to move around. The bonds that held the atom in place tend to loosen, allowing the atoms to move further away from each other. Essentially, this is the process of melting. When the solid has melted thoroughly, it is then deemed to be a liquid.

Liquid

The atom s or molecule s of matter in the liquid state are compressed as tightly as those of matter in the solid state, but the atoms or molecules in a liquid can move freely among each other. Examples of liquids are water at room temperature (approximately 20 ºC or 68 ºF), oil at room temperature, and alcohol at room temperature.

When a liquid is heated, the atoms or molecules gain kinetic energy. If the temperature becomes sufficiently high, the liquid becomes a gas, or it may react with chemicals in the environment. Water is an example of a liquid that becomes gaseous when it is heated gradually. Alcohol will combust (combined with oxygen in the atmosphere) if heated suddenly and dramatically.

When a liquid is cooled, the atoms or molecules lose kinetic energy. If the temperature becomes low enough, the liquid becomes a solid. Water is a good example. If cooled down, it freezes into ice.   

Gas:

A gas is a state of matter that has no definite shape or volume. Gases are either made up of one type of atom or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms. Unlike a liquid or solid, these atoms or molecules are not held together via strong bonds or attraction. Hence, the atoms and molecules move around freely with a lot of space between the particles.

Due to this space between the molecules, most gases appear to be colorless to the naked eye. Hence, as compared to solid or liquid, it is very difficult to measure pressure, volume, number of particles and/or temperature of the gas. However, it is still possible.

Furthermore, the ability of the atoms and molecules of the gas to spread out from each other allows a gas to fill the entire space of the container it is in. Scientists have been able to use this ability to measure weight and volume of the gas. Compared to the other states of matter, gases have low density and viscosity. Also, pressure and temperature influence the particles within a certain volume of gas. This means that the weight, density, and volume may fluctuate depending on the pressure and temperature.

As the pressure increases and temperature decreases, the molecules in the gas will come closer to each other. After a point, the molecules will be so close to each other that their bonds will allow them to become a liquid. Whereas, if the pressure decreases and the temperature increases, then the molecules will be forced to move further apart from each other and may even break their bonds altogether after a point. 

Plasma:

The fourth state of matter above gas is plasma. Plasma is ionized gas. It is gas that is super heated to the point some of its electrons break away from their nuclei and join other nuclei. The gas molecules are in an unstable state and therefore behave in a haphazard and unpredictable manner. Stars are made of plasma Fire is plasma. It is powerful, dangerous and attractive at the same time. A spark is an example of a plasma.

Beam:

Beam is harmonious and coherent whereas plasma is chaotic and erratic. The vast difference of temperament between the fourth and fifth state of matter very well corresponds to the idea that there is greatest amount of chaos right before order, or there is greatest amount of confusion right before clarity appears.

Beam also differs from the other four states in terms of being non-thermal while the rest are thermal. The more energetic the vibrations of particles are, the more heat they would generate. But because the particles of beam are traveling in the same direction, they do not collide against each other to generate heat.

Friction is the cause of heat. Friction is the result of particles colliding with each other and increasing their vibration or kinetic energy. Beam creates heat not in itself but when its particles clash against other matter. You feel the heat of light when its photons clash against the molecules of your skin. The greater the intensity of the beam and the more concentrated it is, the more friction it will generate when it interacts with other matter. You get incinerated when you get close enough to the sun. 

Thought Wave:

Thought wave is the sixth state of matter. Thought wave exists at a higher energetic level than beam. Thought wave can move even faster than beam. It moves at the speed of infinity. It is at once here and at once there. Thought wave is local and non local.

Bose-Einstein Condensate:

There is a state lower than all these states. It is the zero state of matter. The zero state of matter is known as the BEC or Bose-Einstein Condensate. It is the most condensed condensate of all matter.

This state of matter was discovered by the scientist called Bose. He shared his findings with Einstein who helped him to publish his work to the world. Their joint venture resulted in the newly discovered state of matter being known as the Bose-Einstein Condensate.

A BEC exists when matter is frozen to extremely low temperatures that are a tiny fraction of a degree above absolute zero.

In this state, the atoms overlap into each other to form a wave. The BEC is a matter wave. If the wave was compressed, it would form a singularity. If enough mass was condensed into the singularity it could turn into a black hole.

It is believed that the zero state of matter could lead to the development of flat space technology. In future, it might be possible to transport huge objects in very tiny spaces as long as they are not compressed beyond the critical mass which would result in a black hole.

The occurrence of a black hole while making BEC would not need to be too much of a concern anyway because it would require a tremendous amount of energy to compress mass into the critical point.

The zero state of matter, like the fifth state of matter, is also non-thermal. It does not emit heat as well since its particles are not in motion at all thereby not causing friction.

WHAT IS MEANS BY COMMUNICATION?

WHAT IS MEANS BY COMMUNICATION?

Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of ideas, feelings, intentions, attitudes, expectations, perceptions or commands, as by speech, non-verbal gestures, writings, behavior, etc.  

This whole phenomenon can be explained as under.

1. Sender’s thoughts:-

The very first step in the process of communication is generation of thought in the sender’s mind. These thoughts may be about a request, order, inquiry production or any other such activity.

2. Encoding / Message:-

The thought generated in the mind of sender is ambiguous and unable to be communicated

unless it is put into a receivable form. This step is known as encoding where the sender converts his

thought into a message by means of a language. For example, a sender thinks about having a job. Now,

he will put his thought on a paper. That is called job application. In his way, his thought becomes a

message.

3. Transmission through media:-

Once a thought is converted into message, it should be transmitted to the receiver through a

suitable medium. This media might be electronic media as T.V., E-mail, radio etc. or it may be print

media like newspaper, magazines, letters or merely sound that is transmitted through the medium of

air.

4. Noise and Barriers:-

While transmitting the information to the receiver, the sender faces lots of barriers. These

noise and barriers are explained as under:

(i) On sender’s side:-  Noise and barriers may take place during the process of encoding.

Some of them may be caused by distraction, lack of concentration, typing mistake, poor

language etc.

(ii) In the medium:- Some barriers are caused by medium such as poor transmission on

T.V. and radio misprinting in newspapers etc.

(iii) On receiver’s side:- The receiver can also create certain barriers to the receiving of

message such as poor reading ability, emotions, lack of concentration etc.

5. Decoding by Receiver:-

Having received the message form the sender, the receiver attempts to understand and

interpret the message. This process of converting the language of message into thoughts is known as

decoding. For instance, the receiver, having received job application, reads the application and

understands the message conveyed by the applicant.

6. Idea Received:-

As soon as the process of decoding is finished, the idea given by the sender is received by

the receiver. It means the thought that was generated in the mind of sender has been transmitted to the mind of receiver. In our example, the sender wanted to inform the receiver about his thought of having

a job. Now the sender has got this idea.

7. Feed back:-

Process of communication is incomplete until the receiver responds to the sender. This

response may be negative, positive, or for further enquiry. It means when the receiver of job

application welcomes or regrets the sender, the process of communication is deemed to be complete.

This whole process can be depicted through the following diagram.

MINUTES OF A MEETING

How to Record Useful Meeting Minutes

Do your hands cramp up at the thought of recording meeting minutes? Do you question what information you should record and what you should leave out? You’re not alone. Most of us have sat through a meeting madly scribbling what we thought were minutes only to find out later that we’ve missed essential information or that the notes were never used.

Why Meeting Minutes Matter

Don’t give up, meeting minutes are important. They capture the essential information of a meeting – decisions and assigned actions. They keep attendees on track by reminding them of their role in a project and clearly define what happened in a group session. How many times have your colleagues been confused or in disagreement about what happened in a meeting? With minutes to refer to, everyone is clear.

What most people don’t know is that meeting minutes shouldn’t be an exact recording of everything that happened during a session. Minutes are meant to record basic information such as the actions assigned and decisions made. Then, they can be saved and used for reference or background material for future meetings relating to the same topic.

The following instructions will help you take useful and concise meeting minutes.

Before the Meeting

If you are recording the minutes, make sure you aren’t a major participant in the meeting. You can’t perform both tasks well.

Create a template for recording your meeting minutes and make sure you leave some blank space to record your notes. Include the following information:

 Date and time of the meeting

 The purpose of the meeting

 The meeting lead or chair’s name

 Assigned action items

 Decisions made

Before the meeting, gather as much information from the host as you can. Ask for a list of attendees, as well as some information on the purpose of the meeting. This way you won’t need to scramble to understand what’s going on while you’re recording notes.

Decide how you want to record your notes. If you aren’t comfortable relying on your pen and notepad, try using a tape recorder or, if you’re a fast typist, take a laptop to the meeting.

During the Meeting

As people enter the room, check off their names on your attendee list. Ask the meeting lead to introduce you to meeting attendees you aren’t familiar with. This will be helpful later when you are recording assigned tasks or decisions.

Don’t try to record notes verbatim – it’s not necessary. Minutes are meant to give an outline of what happened in the meeting, not a record of who said what. Focus on understanding what’s being discussed and on recording what’s been assigned or decided on.

Record action items and decisions in your template as they happen – don’t wait until after the meeting to pull those out of your notes or you could make a mistake. If you don’t understand exactly what decision has been made or what action has been assigned, ask the meeting lead to clarify.

After the Meeting                                          

Review the notes and add additional comments, or clarify what you didn’t understand right after the meeting. Do this while the information is fresh in everyone’s mind. Type your notes out in the template you created before the meeting – this will make the notes easier for everyone to read and use.

When you’re writing out your notes, use some of the following tips from the International Association of Administrative Professionals (IAAP).

 Number the pages as you go so you aren’t confused later. Remember, though, that the minute-taker is responsible for providing good flow. Don’t force yourself to write the minutes in the actual chronological order of the discussion - it may not work.

 Focus on action items, not discussion. The purpose of minutes is to define decisions made and to record what actions are to be taken, by whom and when.

 Be objective. Write in the same tense throughout and avoid using people’s names except for motions or seconds. This is a business document, not about who said what.

 Avoid inflammatory or personal observations. The fewer adjectives or adverbs you use, the better. Dull writing is the key to appropriate minutes.

 If you need to refer to other documents, attach them in an appendix or indicate where they may be found. Don’t rewrite their intent or try to summarize them.

When you finish typing the minutes, ask the meeting lead to review the document for errors. Send the final copy of the minutes to attendees right away. Keep a copy of the notes (and the template) for yourself in case someone wants to review them later.

Recording meeting minutes ensures that the decisions and actions resulting from a meeting aren’t lost or forgotten. By taking the time to record proper meeting notes you’ll make sure the time and effort that goes into a meeting isn’t wasted.

RESUME:

The resume is an organized summary of the applicant’s particulars. It is not a substitute for a

job letter, but a supplement to it. Its alternate titles are “Data Sheet”, “Bio-Data” etc.

The usual contents of a resume are:

Heading: Name, address and telephone number of the applicant. Job title and career

objectives may also be included.

Education: Academic qualifications mentioning degrees, certificates, scholarships, awards,

honors, and other academic recognition received by the applicant. It should begin

with the most recent information.

Experience: Listing of previous employers, job titles and period of service. Brief description of

job duties and names of superior may also be included. It should also begin with the

most recent information.

Personal Data: Age, height, health, marital status etc., of the applicant.

Reference: Names, titles, addresses and telephone numbers of people who will recommend the

applicant for the job. These people should know about applicant’s job skills,

aptitude and experience.

Miscellaneous: Co-curricular activities, interests and hobbies of the applicant. Driving license,

passport, domicile and national identity card number may also be mentioned if

material.

SAMPLE CV:

MOHAMMAD AMIR KHAN

B-117, Shadman Plaza,

14-B, North Karachi.

Telephone: 021-3*******

Email-Id: *******@gmail.com

JOB OBJECTIVE

To acquire experience in financial accounting and to advance into management position.

EDUCATION

B.Com. First Division, University of Karachi, 1991.

Intermediate: ‘B’ Grade, Board of Intermediate Education, Karachi, 1988.

(Commerce)

Matriculation: ‘A’ Grade, Board of Secondary Education, Karachi, 1986.

(Science)

EXPERIENCE

Accounts Clerk: Soofi Textile Mills Ltd. August 1991 – Jan. 1993. Maintained Cash

Receipts Journal, Cash Payments Journal, Petty Cash Book.

Book-Keeper: Rajpoot Fabrics, December 1990 – June 1991. Maintained Cash

Book, Prepared Daily Sales Report.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of birth: June 20, 1970

Marital Status: Single

CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

Editor: College Magazine 1990-91

Member: College Literary Society 1990-91

REFERENCE

Prof. A. Rehman: Karachi College of Arts & Commerce, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi.

Dr. Ghulam Ali: B-40, ST-9, Sector 14-A, North Karachi.